British Council Presents

Gardening: the Beginnings by John Russell

Our England is a garden, and such gardens are not made by singing ‘Oh, how beautiful!’ and sitting in the shade.

Rudyard Kipling, ‘The Glory of the Garden’

Are gardens a recent invention?

The modern garden has a history going back many thousands of years. Early humans were hunters and gatherers, and didn’t usually stay in one place for a long time. Instead, they travelled from place to place following the food (plants and animals) according to the seasons. During the Neolithic period (over 10,000 years ago) this slowly began to change; humans started to domesticate certain plants, which meant they could remain in one place and grow their own food. The first ‘garden’, was a vegetable garden, where early humans cultivated different types of plants for food.

What plants did people grow?

Evidence of early agriculture in Europe includes edible plants such as wheat or lentils, but also includes more ornamental plants for decorative purposes. Plants for medicine were grown (such as sage), as were herbs and spices for flavouring or preserving food. Certain plants also had religious or spiritual value and were not only grown because they were useful or edible.

Why did people plant gardens?

Gardens today are places to go and relax, but have had many purposes over the years. In the past they were planted to honour the gods, or used in religious ceremonies such as funerals and weddings. Certain trees were also sacred in some cultures – Yew trees were important for Celts, as were Sycamores in Egypt. The ancient Greeks planted groves for their Gods, and many cultures believed gardens were holy.

They were also a way to show that their owners were rich or powerful. Ancient rulers created huge gardens to display their wealth, in the same way that large palaces were symbols of prosperity. In Roman times the garden became an extension of the house, representing the owner’s status in society, rather than a holy place.

What does paradise mean?

Sir Francis Bacon described gardens as ‘the purest of human pleasures’. Pleasure and happiness are ideas linked with gardens. The ancient Greeks believed growing food was a job for the poor, but gardens were places for enjoyment and contemplation. The English word paradise comes from the ancient Persian word pairidaeza – meaning a walled space; a garden. The gardens of the Middle East, described in The Arabian Nights, were places of great beauty and splendour where people enjoyed the pleasures of life.

What was the most famous garden?

One of the most famous early gardens was the Hanging Gardens of Babylon. One of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World, it was created around 2,600 years ago near the river Euphrates and contained many plants, flowers, fruit trees, stone columns and waterfalls. It was designed so the river could continually irrigate it and as a result was green all year round.

Are gardens artistic?

As gardens have developed over the years, design and beauty have become more and more important. Humans have learned to control nature and to design gardens precisely, like a work of art or a building. The gardens of Versailles, in France, are an excellent example of ‘garden architecture’ – everything is symmetrical and even the trees are pruned to fit in with the design.

Carefully planned or not, gardens are still beautiful and relaxing places to visit. On a fine day you might even find a little part of paradise, if you look hard enough.

Word Search

See if you can find these words in the grid. They can be horizontal, vertical, diagonal and backwards.

EXTENSION

B_A_TIF_L

PAR_D_SE

C_LT_V_TE

P_A_TS

DE_I_N

PL_AS_RE

RELAX_T_O_

I_R_GAT_

WE_L_H

Joke Teacher

Question: How can you tell if there’s an elephant in your fridge?

Answer: There are footprints in the custard.

Question: How do you know there are two elephants in your fridge?

Answer: The door won’t close.

This type of English joke is known as a surreal joke. It works by combining something unusual (you don’t see many elephants in the UK) with something ordinary (nearly all UK homes have a fridge). Once you become familiar with this type of joke, it is easy to predict the answer. See if you can complete the joke below.

Question: How do you fit four elephants in a small car?

Answer: By putting two elephants in the front seats and...

VOCABULARY

Five words/phrases from the text:

• ornamental: used or grown as decoration

• funeral: a ceremony for a dead person

• wealth: a great quantity of money

• irrigate: to supply land with water by artificial means

• prune: to remove branches or leaves from a plant

EXERCISE ONE

Vocabulary gap fill. Now use the five words/phrases to fill the gaps in the sentences below:

Everybody was crying at the prince’s _______[1]; they could not believe he had died.

Lord Granger thought women were only attracted to him because of his _______[2]

They diverted the course of the river in order to _______[3] the farmland.

I don’t like _______[4] bowls; I prefer practical things.

You’ll have to _______[5] the apple tree soon; it’s branches have grown too big.

EXERCISE TWO

Comprehension: true or false. Decide whether these sentences are TRUE or FALSE according to the text:

1 The first humans did not keep gardens.

2 The first plant growers did not grow non-edible plants.

3 Ancient kings used their gardens to show people how rich they were.

4 The Greeks thought that only rich people could grow edible plants.

5 These days gardens are much less controlled than before.

Answers:

Vocabulary: 1. funeral; 2. wealth; 3. irrigate; 4. ornamental; 5. prune

Comprehension: 1. True; 2. False; 3. True; 4. False; 5. False

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