Тематические кейсы для подготовки учащихся к ЕГЭ
(“Говорение” и “Письмо”)
continued from No. 2
PART 2 (WRITING)
Writing 1 (A Personal Letter)
Letter 1
This is part of your letter from Mary.
...I’m going to St. Petersburg next month and I’ll have to make new
friends. The problem is I’m really shy! Are you good at making new friends? How do you
do it? Have you ever been in a similar situation? Any suggestions would be useful.
Looking forward to hearing from you.
Love,
Mary
Write back to Marry answering her questions.
Letter 2
This is part of a letter from your pen friend.
...My parents often get annoyed with me because I spend a lot of time on the phone talking to my friends. Do you talk to your friends a lot on the phone too? Do your parents get annoyed with you? What do you do about it? If you’ve got any ideas about what I should do about it, let me know!
Write soon,
Love,
Rebecca
Write back to Rebecca answering her questions.
Letter 3
This is part of a letter from your pen friend.
...It’s my parents’ 20th wedding anniversary next week. Do you think I should organize a celebration? Have you ever organized anything like that? We could have a party, or go out for a meal, or maybe do something else. What do you think would be a good idea?
Love,
Lena
Write back to Lena answering her questions.
Writing 2 (An Essay)
Task 1. Comment on the following statement:
In European countries children over 18 are supposed to live on their own. What can you say FOR and AGAINST living with your parents?
Task 2. Comment on the following statement:
Most children enjoy computer games but their parents are against them. What can you say FOR and AGAINST playing computer games.
Task 3. Comment on the following statement:
Some people believe that teenagers today are generally rude, lazy and badly behaved. Other people, however, think that teenagers have a bad reputation for no reason.
Do you agree that teenagers are often criticized unfairly?
Useful Vocabulary
Talking about yourself and your life. Introducing people.
Names
1. First name; Christian name – имя
2. surname/second name/family name – фамилия
3. maiden name – девичья фамилия
4. by the name of... – по имени...
5. call by first name – называть по имени
6. patronymic, middle name – отчество
7. namesake – тезка; nameday – именины
8. ...was nicknamed... – прозвали, назвали уменьшительным именем; nickname – прозвище, уменьшительное имя
9. pen-name – литературный псевдоним
10. ...is named after... – назван в честь
Age
11. a new-born baby – новорожденный ребёнок
12. ten months old; at the age of…; in his teens; in his youth
13. coming up to school age – приближающийся к школьному возрасту
14. childhood; adolescence – юность
15. an adult; a grown-up – взрослый; youngster – юнец
16. I’m twice your age – я вдвое старше вас
17. the same age as... – того же возраста, что и...
18. You’re as old as you feel – вы в том возрасте, в котором себя ощущаете
19. She’s older than she looks – она старше, чем выглядит
20. He’s aged a lot lately – он в последнее время заметно постарел
Family Relationships
21. nephew – племянник; niece – племянница
22. mother-in-law/father-in-law – свекровь/тёща; свёкор/тесть
23. sister-in-law/brother-in-law – невестка/золовка; зять (муж сестры)
24. stepbrother/half brother (sister) – сводный брат (сестра)
25. stepmother – мачеха; stepfather – отчим
26. stepson/stepdaughter – приёмный сын/дочь
27. daughter-in-law – невестка/сноха (жена сына)
28. son-in-law – зять (муж дочери)
29. aunt – тётя; uncle – дядя
30. grandson/granddaughter – внук/внучка
31. Godfather/Godmother – крёстный отец/мать
32. widow, widower – вдова, вдовец
33. orphan – сирота
34. relative – родственник
35. distant relative – дальний родственник
36. remote kinsman (woman) – “седьмая вода на киселе”
37. heir/heiress – наследник/наследница; heir-at-law – наследник по закону; ...inherited... – ...унаследовал...
Marital Status
38. single – холостой(ая); married – замужем/женатый; separated, divorced – разведенный(ая); widowed – овдовевший(ая)
39. split up – распадаться, разойтись
40. date, date smb. – свидание, встречаться с кем-то; make a date; he’s dating a girl – он встречается с девушкой
41. propose to smb. – сделать предложение
42. marry smb. – выйти замуж за (жениться на)
43. bride/bridegroom – невеста/жених
44. live apart from... – жить отдельно от…
Types of People
45. adolescent – юноша, молодой человек
46. acquaintance – знакомый
47. bachelor – холостяк
48. best friend – лучший друг
49. boyfriend/girlfriend – друг/подруга
50. bully – хулиган, задира
51. classmate – одноклассник
52. colleague/business associate – коллега
53. hermit – отшельник
54. neighbour – сосед
55. spinster/old maid – старая дева
56. tycoon – финансовый магнат
Describing People: Character and Personality
1. absent-minded – рассеянный
2. adventurous – авантюрный, безрассудный
3. aggressive – агрессивный
4. amusing – удивительный
5. articulate – четко выражающий свои мысли
6. bashful – застенчивый, робкий
7. blunt – грубый, резкий, недалёкий
8. boastful – хвастливый
9. bright – умный, одарённый
10. broad-minded – c широким кругозором
11. calm – спокойный
12. callous – бессердечный, толстокожий
13. cheeky – нахальный
14. cocky – дерзкий, нахальный
15. conceited – самодовольный, высокомерный
16. confident – уверенный
17. considerate – внимательный к другим,
18. conscientious – сознательный, добросовестный
19. courageous – смелый, храбрый
20. creative – творческий
21. determined – решительный
22. domineering – деспотический, властный
23. down-to-earth – реалистичный
24. emotional – эмоциональный
25. enthusiastic – полный энтузиазма
26. extravagant – сумасбродный, экстравагантный
27. gullible – доверчивый, легковерный
28. high-strung – напряженный
29. hospitable – гостеприимный
30. humble – скромный, застенчивый
31. fussy – суетливый, нервный
32. impatient – нетерпеливый
33. possessive – собственнический
34. impressionable – впечатлительный
35. indecisive – нерешительный
36. level-headed – рассудительный
37. loyal – верный, преданный
38. malicious – злобный, ехидный
39. modest – скромный
40. naive – наивный
41. narrow-minded – ограниченный
42. neurotic – нервный, неврастеник
43. obstinate – упрямый
44. pompous – высокопарный, напыщенный
45. prejudiced – предвзятый
46. ruthless – беспощадный
47. secretive – замкнутый, скрытный
48. self-centred – эгоцентричный
49. self-confident – самоуверенный
50. sensible – разумный, рассудительный
51. shrewd – проницательный, практичный
52. single-minded – прямодушный, искренний, деликатный
53. smug – самодовольный
54. soft-hearted – мягкосердечный
55. spiteful – злорадный, злопамятный
56. strict – строгий
57. strong-willed – волевой
58. superstitious – суеверный
59. talented – талантливый
60. thrifty – бережливый
61. two-faced – двуличный
62. unreliable – ненадёжный
63. weak-willed – бесхарактерный
64. well-bred – благовоспитанный
65. well-mannered – воспитанный
66. wise – мудрый
67. witty – остроумный
Verbs you can use to talk about your life
1. be born – родиться
2. be buried – быть похороненным
3. be called – быть названным
4. become a grandfather – стать дедушкой
5. buy a house – купить дом
6. die – умереть
7. fall in love – влюбиться
8. be head over heels in love – влюбиться по уши
9. get a new job – найти новую работу
10. get divorced – развестись
11. get engaged – обручиться
12. get married – жениться
13. go to university/enter the university – поступить в университет
14. learn to drive – научиться водить машину
15. leave school – закончить школу
16. move – переехать, уехать
17. retire – уйти на пенсию
18. start school – поступить в школу
19. start work – приступить к работе
20. be head and shoulders above someone – быть на голову выше
21. talk to the wind – бросать слова на ветер
22. be a teacher’s pet – быть любимчиком учителя
23. look like someone – быть на кого-то похожим
24. get used to doing smth – привыкнуть к чему-то
25. love and hate – любить и ненавидеть
26. grow up – вырастать, подрасти
27. trust someone – доверять кому-то
How has a person changed?
1. gained/lost weight – располнел/похудел
2. got some wrinkles – появились морщины
3. gone grey/bald – стал седым/полысел
4. grown a beard/moustache – отпустил бороду/усы
5. started wearing... – стал носить...
6. let his/her hair grow – отрастил волосы
7. cut/dyed his/her hair – подрезал/покрасил волосы
8. got more/less popular/serious... – стал более/менее популярным/серьёзным
9. become famous... – стал известным
What is the price of fame? What are the advantages and disadvantages of being famous?
ADVANTAGES
Celebrities have to look perfect all the time. There’s always a photographer ready to take a picture of a famous person.
Famous people will always be the centre of attention.
Famous people are written about and photographed for newspapers and magazines.
Famous people have a lot of money and can buy anything they want.
They can live in a luxurious house anywhere in the world.
Famous people can travel a lot and meet celebrities.
Famous people can use their wealth and influence to help charity organizations.
You will always be in the centre of attention.
DISADVANTAGES
Celebrities sacrifice their private lives. Their personal problems, divorces, or family tragedies all end up as front-page news.
They are followed by crazy fans wherever they go. The paparazzi follow celebrities and take pictures of them in unflattering and compromising poses. But for the celebrities these photos are an invasion of privacy.
They worry constantly about their reputation. Actors may lose their popularity, singers may lose their voices, athletes may be injured...
It’s difficult for famous people to know whom to trust. Ex-lovers may sell their stories to the newspapers. Their accountants or impresarios may be secretly cheating them...
Famous people can never be sure whether people like them for themselves or because they are famous. For this reason, it’s difficult for them to make true friends.
Furthermore, celebrities are in constant danger of the wrong kind of attention. Threatening letters and even physical attacks from crazy fans are not unusual things in their lives.
Many of them suffer nervous breakdowns or drug and alcohol problems.
Many celebrities say that their lives are far from being happy.
Household Chores
to cook meals/to prepare breakfast...
to lay the table/to clear the table
to clean the room/to tidy up a room
to polish the floor/to sweep the floor
to hammer a nail
to saw wood/to chop wood
to mend/repair
to wash up/to iron
to dust the furniture
to vacuum the floor
to iron clothes/to do the ironing
to sew/knit/patch/darn
look after/take care of
to empty the rubbish bin/to carry out the garbage
Living in a Big City
Advantages
comfortable flats with all modern conveniences
more entertainment, a lot of cultural centres
more chances to be employed/to enter this or that university
shopping facilities/sports facilities
developed transport system
life is more anonymous
Disadvantages
air and noise pollution
cost of living is high
crime rate is high
traffic jams / car crashes / rush hours
constant queuing
always in a hurry
litter and garbage
stressful life
Living in the Countryside
Advantages
cost of living is lower
life is safer
less crime
less traffic
fresh air and beautiful nature
peace and quiet are good for nervous system
Disadvantages
difficult living and working conditions
no entertainment
problem of employment
it takes much time to get to town
everybody knows you and expects you to live and behave in a certain way
The Place Where You Live
ADVANTAGES
Low cost of living; crime rate is low; there are good schools; it’s easy to find work; entertainment facilities; good sports facilities; fresh air; few cars; good transport connections; interesting shops; the people are friendly...
DISADVANTAGES
Expensive to live there; streets are dangerous at night; there are not many schools; few cinemas, discos etc.; not many sports grounds; pollution; traffic; noise; not enough buses, trains etc.; no variety among shops; no sense of community
Introductions and Opening Conversation Gambits
Инициирование разговора
Wendy, I’d like you to meet my brother, Sam.
Mrs. Huges, this is Peter Brown.
Mother, this is Joe’s brother, Dan.
Mrs. Stacey, I’d like to introduce my Greek friend, Milos.
Let me introduce Mr. N. (formal) I’d like to introduce Mr. N.
Meet my cousin. I’d like you to meet...
John, this is my friend. (informal)
Can you do me a favour, Jim? Would you mind introducing me to Miss Jones?
– Glad/pleased/nice to meet you.
– I’ve heard so much about you.
– How do you do?
Развитие и завершение разговора
How do you find things over here? What are your first impressions of…
What do you think of life in…? How do you like…?
– I’m still feeling pretty homesick.
– If it wasn’t for the climate, I’d like it very much.
– It’s quite different from what I expected.
Dima, tell me something about your friend. What’s his name, what’s he like and how long have you been friends?
– We’ve been friends for ages. And we’ve been friends ever since.
– I met...and we have been friends ever since. I’ve known...for…years.
– Do you agree with the statement that the eyes are the mirror of the soul?
– Has he no failings? Is he absolutely 100% reliable in character and behaviour? (У него нет недостатков? Он абсолютно положительный по характеру и поведению?)
– I wouldn’t say that. On the whole he is very responsible with work and very loyal in his relationships, but he does have some failings. (В целом он ответственный в делах и верный в отношениях, но у него есть недостатки.)
– But that doesn’t spoil our friendship. You don’t ever feel bored with a real friend.
– Apart from school, we see each other a lot.
We ought to go somewhere to talk. How about...cafe?
Meeting People after a Long Time
Инициирование разговора
We haven’t seen you for ages.
Where have you been?We haven’t seen each other for...days. (months, years)
I’ve got so much to tell you!Hi, Bill. Haven’t seen you for ages!
– Oh, hi! It has been a long while!How nice to see you again.
Hello,... Nice to see you again!Hello,... What a surprise seeing you!
Развитие и завершение разговора
Come in and sit down. We haven’t seen much of you lately.
– I’ve been visiting relations.
– I’ve been away on holiday.
– I’ve been to...
What on earth have you been doing there?
– Ooh... a little bit of exploring, a little bit of discovering – nothing much, really. By the way…
– How’s your family?
But what about you? Haven’t you been away?
It was great seeing you. Bye!
Talking to a Distant Relative Trying to Find Out What Relationship You Stand to Each Other
A: What relationship is Jack/... to you?
B: Well, he’s related to my aunt.
A: Are you any relation to Jim Brown, the well-known football
player?
B: Yes, he is my uncle.
A: Are you related to Helen?
B: Yes, she is my cousin.
A: Have you sent greetings to our relations?
B: Only to our grandparents.
A: What does your brother do?/What is your brother?/Where do you
come from?/Where are they from?/What is he like? How does he look? What does he look like?
B: ...
C: He has a twin brother. They’re as alike as two peas in a pod. Only my sister
and I can tell them apart.
D: Don’t you think that’s a bit of an age gap? (тебе не кажется,
что это очень большая разница в возрасте?)
Sample Conversation
Model Dialogues. Here are some models in which people invite someone of the opposite sex to go out on a date or to a party.
1.
Susan: Hi, Jim.
Jim: I was wondering if you are doing something Friday night. I have tickets to a rock concert.
Susan: Which one?
Jim: I have two tickets to see the Flaming Idiots concert. Would you like to go with me?
Susan: I’d love to!
Jim: Great! I’ll pick you up at seven o’clock.
Susan: OK. See you then.
Jim: Good-bye.
2.
Laurie: Hi, Jeff.
Jeff: Hello. How’s it going?
Laurie: Great. I’m having a party Saturday night and I’d like you to come.
Jeff: Thanks. What time does it start?
Laurie: Eight-thirty. Can you come?
Jeff: Sure, I wouldn’t miss one of your parties.
3.
Julie: Hi, Alex.
Alex: Oh, Julie. You’re just the person I wanted to see!
Julie: Really? What’s up?
Alex: How would you like to go to next Saturday’s football game with me?
Julie: Next Saturday? Gee, I’m sorry, I can’t. That’s my mother’s birthday.
Alex: Oh, I was really hoping that you could go.
(Writing a Letter)
Образец написания письма (Informal Letter)
Your address
The date
Greeting
Dear...,
Introduction (§ 1 – opening remarks)
Main Body (§§ 2-3 – development of the subject)
Conclusion (§ 4 – closing remarks)
Ending (say goodbye and sign your name)
Greeting
– never begin Dear friend / Pen friend; write the name Dear Jane,
Introduction
– reasons for writing; / – an apology for a delay in writing / – a thank you to the person for his last letter
Main Body
– divide your letter into paragraphs and include 2–3 points in each paragraph
Conclusion
– an excuse to stop writing/ – greetings to the person’s family (friends) / – an invitation/ – a promise to write again soon, / – a request to the person to reply soon
Ending
– Lots of love/ Best wishes + your first name
St. Petersburg
Russia
} пропустить строчку
January 1st
Dear Mary,
} пропустить строчку
Thank you for your lovely birthday card, I have not written sooner as I wanted to invite
you round and could never find a suitable time.
} пропустить строчку (каждый параграф начинать
пропуская строчку)
We are having a small party next Friday night to celebrate Tony’s return from Canada,
and we would be very happy if you and Simon could join us, around 8 p.m. Do come if you
can.
} пропустить строчку
Looking forward to seeing you.
} пропустить строчку
Yours,
} пропустить строчку
Anna
Useful Vocabulary
Вводные фразы
It was great to get your letter...
Thanks for your letter. It was great/lovely to hear from you.
Thanks for your long letter. It was really great to hear all your news, after not hearing from you for ages...
Sorry I haven’t written for so long but...
I’m very sorry about not replying to your letter sooner but I’ve been extremely busy.
Sorry for not writing earlier but I’ve...
How are things with you? I’m sorry I haven’t written for so long, but…
I was really pleased to hear that...
I thought I’d better write and tell you about...
Заключительные фразы
I would really like you to visit me this summer. Write to me and tell me your plans.
Thanks for sending me... Please write to me again soon, and tell me all your news.
Please give/send my regards (love) to your...
And write and tell me your plans for...
I would really love to see you. Why don’t you come and visit me this... Write back soon!
If you want to know anything else, just drop me a line.
Well, that’s all for now.
Do write back soon.That’s all my news for now...
Asking for Advice. Письма с просьбой дать совет
Вводные фразы
Formal
I would appreciate it if you could give me some advice about...
I am writing to ask if you could help me with...
I am writing to ask for your advice.
Could you possibly offer your advice?
Could you please give me your advice?
I am writing to request some advice concerning...
I would be grateful if you could offer your advice.
I wonder if you could help me with a problem...
Informal
I am writing to ask for your advice.
Can you give me your advice?
Give me your advice about...
Can you think of anything that...?
I’ve got a problem and I need your advice.
I’ve got a problem, and I think you can help.
Заключительные фразы
Formal
I would be grateful if you could give me your advice as soon as possible.
I look forward to receiving your advice.
It would be of great help if you could advise me.
I would greatly appreciate your assistance in this matter.
I would appreciate it if you could give me your advice as soon as possible.
Informal
What do you think I should do?
Give me/Send me your advice soon.
Do you think I should...?
Do you have any idea about...?
Please let me know what to do
Please let me know what you think I should do.
I’d like to know what you think about...
Write back soon and tell me what you think.
Your advice would help me a lot.
Giving Advice. Письма-советы
Вводные фразы
Formal
Thank you for your letter requesting...
I am writing in reply to your letter asking for advice about...
I am writing with regard to your letter requesting advice concerning...
Informal
I‘m sorry to hear...and I think I can help.
Cheer up/Don’t worry too much.
Don’t let it get you down.
I’m only too glad to help.
I just got your letter and I think…
Here’s what I think you should do.
Фразы основной части
Formal
I strongly recommend that...
I would suggest that...
I believe the best course of action is...
I would advise you to...
You should / ought to...
If I were you I would...
Informal
Why don’t you…?
If I were you/in your position, I’d.../I wouldn’t...
Have you thought of / about...+ Ving?
Don’t forget to...
It would be a good idea to…
What you should do is...
How about + Ving...? What about + Ving…?
I think you should…
The best advice I can give you is...
Another good idea is to…
Заключительные фразы
Formal
I trust you will accept this advice.
I hope this advice will be of help.
I hope to have been of assistance to you.
I would very much like to know if this advice was helpful/has been of some use.
Informal
I hope that this/my advice helps.
Let me know what happens.
Let me know how it went.
Let’s hope that things get better.
Let’s hope that everything turns out all right.
Hope this helped.
If you do this, you would...
(Writing an Essay)
Discursive Essays (Дискуссионные сочинения)
Тип сочинения и примерный план
1. “For” and “Against” Essays (Formal Style)
Introduction
§1
– present the topic and state the problem
– make a general remark about it without giving your opinion
Main Body
§2, 3
– Arguments “for” (3 points)
– Arguments “against” (3 points)
(support your arguments with examples)
Conclusion
§4
– your opinion based on the given arguments
2. Opinion essays (formal style)
Introduction
§1
– introduce the subject and state your opinion
Main Body
§ 2-4
– or more paragraphs
– first viewpoint supported by reasons/examples
– second viewpoint supported by reasons/examples
– the opposing viewpoint supported by reasons/examples
Conclusion
§5
– summarise what you’ve said
– restate your opinion using different words
Useful Language
(For and Agains Essay)
I. Introduction (state the topic /problem, you talk generally about the topic, you may ask a question or start with a quotation)
– As a general rule... It is popularly believed that... It is often suggested... People often claim that... A lot of people think that... Many people are in favour of...?/ are convinced that...
– We all know that...
– Can you imagine...? Isn’t it amazing...? Have you ever thought of...? Isn’t it strange...?
– There are both advantages and disadvantages...Let’s begin with...
II. Main Body (points For and Against, along with your justification, appear in two separate paragraphs)
To introduce points
– The main / most important / greatest advantage of...is that...
– Another advantage/ disadvantage of...
A further advantage?/ disadvantage of...
– One point of view in favour of?/ against...
The best?/ worst thing about...is...
To list points
– In the first place...
First of all...
To start with...
To begin with...
– Secondly...
Thirdly...
Finally...
Last but not least...
To add more points to the same topic
– What is more...
Furthermore...
Moreover...
– In addition to this...
Besides...
Apart from this...
To make contrasting points
– on the other hand ... however... in spite of the fact that ... despite the fact that...
– while ... nevertheless ... even though ... although ... it can be argued that...
To introduce examples
– for example ... for instance ... such as ... in particular...
III. Conclusion (you give either your opinion or a balanced consideration of the topic, or give the reader something to consider, or to end with a quotation)
To conclude
– to sum up ...
all in all...
on the whole ...
in conclusion...
– taking everything into account .../as was previously stated
– All things considered, although there are some disadvantages ..., I believe it is...
– All in all, I believe that there are more advantages than disadvantages...
Useful Language
(OPINION Essay)
I. Introduction (state the topic/problem; you may ask a question or start with a quotation; state your opinion)
state the topic/problem
– Is there too much emphasis placed on...?
– Nowadays, we are often told...
Every day...
There is no doubt that...
– Over the past few years,...
Are you among those who...?
Why has...become...?
– The British poet... once said that “...”
– There are various facts that support this opinion.
To express opinion
– In my opinion...
I believe...
It seems to me...
The way I see it...
II. Main Body (each paragraph should present a separate viewpoint supported by your reason, another paragraph should present the opposing viewpoint)
To list points
– In the first place...
First of all...
To start with...m
To begin with...
– Secondly...
Thirdly...
Finally...
Last but not least...
To add more points to the same topic
– What is more...
Furthermore...
Moreover...
– In addition to this...
Besides...
Apart from this...
To introduce contrasting viewpoints
– It is argued that...
People argue that...
Opponents of this view say...
– There are people who oppose...
Contrary to what most believe...
To introduce examples
– for example...
for instance...
such as...
in particular...
III. Conclusion (you restate your opinion using different words)
To conclude
– to sum up...
all in all...
all things considered...
on the whole...
– in conclusion...
taking everything into account.../as was previously stated
– All in all, I still feel that the benefits of...outweigh the disadvantages.