КУРСЫ ПОВЫШЕНИЯ КВАЛИФИКАЦИИ

Клековкина Елена Евгеньевна

Система подготовки учащихся к ЕГЭ
по английскому языку

Учебный план

Лекция 4. Раздел ЕГЭ “Чтение”

Темой нашего следующего занятия является раздел ЕГЭ «Чтение» и система проверяемых в нем умений. Чтение, в отличие от аудирования, направлено на восприятие и понимание информации в письменной форме. Однако эти два вида рецептивной речевой деятельности имеют между собой много общего. Их сближает нацеленность на приём и переработку информации; лежащие в их основе сложные механизмы соотнесения слов и понятий, установления связей между понятиями, раскрытия содержания речевого сообщения.

На начальном и среднем этапе обучения иностранному языку в процессе учебного чтения должны формироваться такие важные механизмы этого речевого умения, как зрительное восприятие и узнавание, соотнесение зрительных образов с речемоторными и слуховыми, вероятностное прогнозирование, сегментирование речевого потока на дискретные единицы, группировка слов внутри предложений и использование полученных групп в качестве смысловых вех, смысловая догадка. Учебное чтение является средством обучения, которое готовит учащихся к зрелому коммуникативному чтению. Коммуникативное чтение подразумевает ясное осознание читающим цели предстоящей речевой деятельности, направленность его внимания на содержание текста и использование стратегий чтения, адекватных поставленной задаче. Успешность выполнения задач при коммуникативном чтении возможна при развитом функциональном механизме этой речевой деятельности, автоматизированности техники чтения и высоком уровне развития рецептивных лексико-грамматических навыков, сформированных в процессе учебного чтения.
В последние десятилетия в отечественной и зарубежной методике в рамках коммуникативного подхода принята классификация видов коммуникативного чтения по его коммуникативным задачам, т.е. конкретным установкам на степень полноты и точности извлечения информации. Коммуникативная задача при чтении обусловливает характер процесса чтения и используемые читающим приёмы, стратегии чтения. В зарубежной методике для обозначения различных видов чтения приняты термины skimming (reading for gist), scanning, reading for detailed comprehension. В отечественной методике наиболее распространёнными стали термины соответственно: чтение с пониманием основного содержания; чтение с извлечением необходимой информации (или чтение с выборочным извлечением информации); чтение с полным и точным пониманием текста. Эта классификация в наиболее полном виде отражает те виды чтения, которыми мы пользуемся в реальной жизни. В связи с этим именно сформированность умений в разных видах коммуникативного чтения является одной из важнейших целей обучения иностранному языку и, таким образом, становится в ряд объектов контроля на ЕГЭ по английскому языку (см. кодификатор элементов содержания ЕГЭ). В учебной деятельности и контрольных материалах коммуникативная установка при чтении формулируется в виде задания, предваряющего текст для чтения.

Раздел ЕГЭ «Чтение» 2007 г. состоял из трёх заданий тестового типа, измеряющих степень сформированности умений в различных видах чтения.

Задание 1
Проверяет понимание основного содержания текстов (тип задания – установление соответствий между краткими текстами информационного и научно-популярного характера и названиями текстов). При обучении данному виду чтения следует обратить внимание на то, что языковая форма не является здесь объектом произвольного внимания. Этот вид чтения в большей степени, чем другие, требует знакомства с коммуникативной направленностью целого текста, умения определить тему, выделить основную мысль, выбрать значащие факты, опуская второстепенные, выделять в тексте смысловые вехи и опоры.
Хорошая стратегия в данном виде чтения – обращать внимание на начало и конец текста, в которых зачастую и бывает сосредоточена главная мысль текста. При выполнении данного типа задания (установление соответствий) можно начать его выполнение с прочтения заголовков или, напротив, с чтения текстов. Нельзя забывать, что один из заголовков – лишний.

1. A group of university students from Brazil have been given the job of discovering and locating all the waterfalls in their country. It is not easy because very often the maps are not detailed. The students have to remain in water for long periods of time. Every day they cover a distance of 35 to 40 kilometers through the jungle, each carrying 40 kilos of equipment.
2. For many years now, mail-order shopping has served the needs of a certain kind of customers. Everything they order from a catalogue is delivered to their door. Now, though, e-mail shopping on the Internet has opened up even more opportunities for this kind of shopping.
3. Another generation of computer fans has arrived. They are neither spotty schoolchildren nor intellectual professors, but pensioners who are learning computing with much enthusiasm. It is particularly interesting for people suffering from arthritis as computers offer a way of writing nice clear letters. Now pensioners have discovered the Internet and at the moment they make up the fastest growing membership.
4. Shopping centres are full of all kinds of stores. They are like small, self-contained towns where you can find everything you want. In a large centre, shoppers can find everything they need without having to go anywhere else. They can leave their cars in the shopping centre car park and buy everything in a covered complex, protected from the heat, cold or rain.
5. Not many people know that, back in the fifties, computers were very big, and also very slow. They took up complete floors of a building, and were less powerful, and much slower than any of today’s compact portable computers. At first, the data they had to process and record was fed in on punched-out paper; later magnetic tape was used, but both systems were completely inconvenient.
6. Potholing is a dull name for a most interesting and adventurous sport. Deep underground, on the tracks of primitive men and strange animals who have adapted to life without light, finding unusual landscapes and underground lakes, the potholer lives an exciting adventure. You mustn’t forget, though, that it can be quite dangerous. Without the proper equipment you can fall, get injured or lost.
7. Substantial remains of an octagonal Roman bath house, probably reused as a Christian baptistry, have been uncovered during a student training excavation near Faversham in Kent. The central cold plunge pool was five metres across, and stood within a structure which also had underfloor heating and hot pools, probably originally under a domed roof.

Задание 2
Оценивает понимание структурно-смысловых связей текста (тип задания – установление соответствий: заполнение пропусков в предложениях в тексте предлагаемыми после текста частями предложений). Объектом контроля в данном задании становится одно из важнейших составляющих умений коммуникативного чтения (как, впрочем, и аудирования), проявляющее себя в разной степени во всех его видах.
Начать выполнение задания следует с прочтения всего текста, чтобы получить общее представление о содержащейся в нём информации и логике развития повествования. При подборе вариантов заполнения текста следует учитывать предшествующий и последующий контекст, смысловое и языковое согласование. В данном типе задания один из вариантов – лишний.

A. which is above Earth’s atmosphere.
B. which are transmitted to scientists on Earth.
C. which is invisible to the human eye.
D. who calculated the speed at which galaxies move.
E. so it has a clear view of space.
F. because many stars are in clouds of gas.
G. but where it is.

Задание 3
Оценивает умение полностью и детально понять смысл текста (тип задания – выбор ответа из четырёх предложенных). Данный вид чтения требует установки на полное и точное понимание всех основных и второстепенных фактов, содержащихся в тексте. На основе их осмысления и сопоставления проявляется умение догадаться о том, что подразумевается автором в тексте, сделать выводы на основе прочитанного. В этом виде чтения в наибольшей степени требуется умение догадаться о значении незнакомых слов и словосочетаний в контексте, внимательно отнестись к структурно-логическим связям текста.

Sometimes my father scares me. He can tackle something he knows nothing about, and nine times out of ten, it will come out all right. It’s pure luck, of course, but try convincing him. “Frame of Mind,” he says. “Just believe you can do a thing, and you’ll do it.” “Anything?” I asked. “Some day your luck will run out. Then see what good your Frame of Mind will do,” I said.
Believe me, I am not just being a smart alec. It so happens that I have actually tried Frame of Mind myself. The first time was the year I went all out to pass the civics final. I had to go all out, on account of I had not cracked a book all year. I really crammed, and all the time I was cramming I was concentrating on Frame of Mind. Just believe you can do a thing – sure. I made the lowest score in the history of Franklin High. “Thirty-three percent,” I said, showing my father the report card. “There’s your Frame of Mind for you.” He put it on the table without looking at it. “You have to reach a certain age and understanding,” he explained. “That’s the key to Frame of Mind.” “Yeah? What does a guy do in the meantime?” “Maybe you should study. Some kids learn a lot that way.”
That was my first experience with Frame of Mind. My latest one was for a promotion at the Austin Clothing Store. Jim Watson had a slightly better sales record and was more knowledgeable and skillful. Me, I had Frame of Mind. Jim Watson got the job. Did this convince my father? It did not. To convince him, something had to happen. To him, I mean. Something did happen, too, at the Austin Clothing Store. My father works there, too. What happened was that Mr. Austin paid good money for a clever Easter window display. It’s all set up and we’re about to draw the curtain when we discover the display lights won’t work. I can see Mr. Austin growing pale. He is thinking of the customers that could go right by his store in the time it will take him to get hold of an electrician.
This is when my father comes on the scene. “Is something the matter?” he says. “Oh, hello, Louis,” Mr. Austin says. He calls my father “Louis.” Me, Joe Conklin – one of his best salesmen – he hardly knows. My father, a stock clerk, he calls “Louis.” Life isn’t always fair. “These darned lights won’t work.” “H’mm, I see,” my father says. “Maybe I can be of service.” From inside his pocket comes a screwdriver. Mr. Austin looks at him. “Can you help us, Louis?” “No, he cannot,” I volunteer. “You think he’s Thomas Edison?” I don’t intend to say that. It just slips out. “Young man, I was addressing your father,” Mr. Austin says, giving me a cold hard look. My father touches something with his screwdriver and the display lights go on.
What happened next was that the big safe in Mr. Austin’s office got jammed shut with all our paychecks in it. From nowhere comes my father. “Is something the matter?” he says. “The safe, Louis,” Mr. Austin is saying. “It won’t open, I was going to send for you.” “H’mm, I see,” my father says. “Can you help us, Louis?” Mr. Austin inquires. I start to say he cannot, but I stop myself. If my father wants to be a clown, that’s his business. “What is the combination of this safe?” my father says. Mr. Austin whispers the combination in my father’s ear. Armed with the combination, he starts twirling the knob. I can’t believe it: grown men and women standing hypnotized, expecting that safe door to open. And while they stand there, the safe door opens.
“Go ahead, say it was luck, my opening the safe today,” my father says. “OK,” I reply. Then I tell him what I saw in the faces of those people in Mr. Austin’s office: confidence and trust and respect. “The key to Frame of Mind is you have to use it to give support to those who need it when there’s no one else to save the situation. Otherwise it will not work.”

A15 The narrator thought that his father
1) believed that he was the luckiest man in the world.
2) was a knowledgeable and highly qualified man.
3) succeeded in almost everything he did.
4) didn’t mind being called a lucky man.

A16 In paragraph 2 “I had to go all out” means that the narrator had to
1) take the civics examination one more time.
2) take the civics examination in a different school.
3) try as hard as he could to prepare for the exam.
4) find somebody to help him pass the exam.

A17 They didn’t promote the narrator because he had
1) proved less successful than Jim.
2) sold few records.
3) no Frame of Mind.
4) not reached the promotion age.

A18 Mr. Austin was in despair because
1) the curtain wouldn’t draw open.
2) he couldn’t find an electrician.
3) the display had cost him a lot of money.
4) he was likely to lose some customers.

A19 When Mr. Austin called the narrator’s father “Louis” the young man felt
1) proud of his Dad.
2) hopeful of his Dad.
3) jealous of his Dad.
4) sorry for his Dad.

A20 The narrator was sure that
1) his Dad would open the safe.
2) his Dad knew nothing about safes.
3) Mr. Austin wanted to make fun of his Dad.
4) Mr. Austin had sent for his Dad to open the safe.

A21 According to Louis’ words, Frame of Mind worked if one was
1) an expert in many fields.
2) ready to help other people.
3) a lucky person.
4) respectful and trustful.

Как и аудирование, чтение является комплексным интегративным коммуникативным умением и требует формирования всей иерархии составляющих его компонентов. Возможная технология совершенствования частных и комплексных умений чтения на старшем этапе обучения содержится в пособии Reading and Writing и Сборнике тестов для подготовки к ЕГЭ представленной нами в предыдущих лекциях серии Exam Skills for Russia. По принципу своего построения система упражнений для отработки умений чтения аналогична описанной нами в предыдущей лекции системе упражнений в пособии по аудированию той же серии. Принцип этот заключается в интеграции серии упражнений, направленных на формирование того или иного составляющего частного умения чтения, в цикл заданий для совершенствования целого комплексного умения. В пособии используются тексты для чтения различных типов и жанров и упражнения как тестового, так и нетестового типа.
В качестве умений, на которые нацелены отдельные циклы упражнений, в пособии обозначены:

Understanding gist
Skimming for gist
Scanning for specific information
Distinguishing main concepts
Selection of relevant points
Understanding implication
Understanding text structure
Understanding logical cohesion
Summarising salient points
Grammatical referencing
Lexical referencing
Deducing meaning
Lexical linking devices
Understanding fact and opinion
Recognizing discourse markers
Text type and function

В Сборнике тестов для подготовки к ЕГЭ в составе комплексов подготовительных упражнений, предваряющих тренировочные тексты, содержатся задания по чтению, где различные виды и умения чтения отрабатываются в формате ЕГЭ. Таким образом, учащиеся получают возможность освоить технологию выполнения заданий ЕГЭ, которая зависит как от типа задания, так и от проверяемого в задании умения чтения.
Приведём примеры подготовительных упражнений и соответствующих им заданий из тренировочных тестов 11 и 17, нацеленных на понимание основной информации в тексте (задание 1 в разделе «Чтение» ЕГЭ)

TEST 11.
Подготовительные упражнения

Section 2. Reading: first task
B. Look at the headings in the first task of section 2 Reading. Use the headings A-G to complete the sentences below:
1. The rules of chess are ______________, but becoming good at it takes years.
2. In chess, the Queen is _______________ and is worth a lot more than the other pieces.
3. Kasparov is a great chess player and is ___________.
4. The popularity of chess is _______________ and lots of people play it these days.
5. Ron had only just learnt how to play, but he was _______________ in the chess tournament.
6. Good chess clubs in this area are _________________ and soon there won’t be any.
7. Leaving your King in the middle of the board in chess can be _______________ – never do it!

[Key: 1. easily learned, 2. really valuable, 3. rarely beaten, 4. quickly growing, 5. surprisingly successful, 6. sadly disappearing, 7. extremely dangerous]

C. Find words or phrases in the texts to match these words and phrases:
 Text 1

[Key: 1. working out, 2. top, 3. basics, 4. online, 5. rapidly, 6. explosion, 7. phenomenon, 8. hit, 9. dominated, 10. got the better of, 11. circles, 12. die out, 13. pastimes, 14. dated from, 15. unique, 16. average]

D. Use some of the words and phrases you found in exercise C to complete these sentences.
1. Tim beat me five times, but I finally ____________________________ him and won the last game.
2. Flying over the Grand Canyon was a ____________________experience.
3. I’m just going to go _________ and check my e-mail.
4. My grandfather taught me the _____________________________ of judo when I was a young boy.
5. I’m a bit disappointed because my grades this year have been very ____________________.
6. I’d love to have a _______________ and become a famous singer!

[Key: 1. got the better of, 2. unique, 3. online, 4. basics, 5. average, 6. hit]

Задание из тренировочного теста № 11

Установите соответствие тем A–G текстам 1-6. Занесите свои ответы в таблицу. Используйте каждую букву только один раз. В задании одна тема лишняя.

A. EASILY LEARNED
B. EXTREMELY DANGEROUS
C. SADLY DISAPPEARING
D. REALLY VALUABLE
E. RARELY BEATEN
F. SURPRISINGLY SUCCESSFUL
G. QUICKLY GROWING

1. Draughts (or ‘checkers’ as the Americans call it) is one of the most popular games around the world. The rules are simple. Even young children have no problem working out how to play. The top players study moves in the same way that chess players do but anyone can pick it up and have a go. Getting to a high standard takes a lot of hard work and practice but the basics are not particularly difficult.
2. Since 1997, when the game Ultima Online became popular, many thousands of people have played all kinds of games online – and the numbers are still increasing rapidly. Every year, more and more people discover the pleasures of playing over the Internet and the next generation of games consoles are being designed with that in mind. There seems to be no sign that this explosion in online games will stop any time soon.
3. It has been called the greatest phenomenon in the history of games, but when Trivial Pursuit was created by two friends in 1981, few people had any idea what a hit it would be. It was a quiz game and none of the games companies expected it to do well, until an American company became interested in it. Many millions of Trivial Pursuit games have been sold since then in 19 languages and 33 different countries.
4. Tigran Vartanovich Petrosian was chess world champion from 1963 to 1969. He dominated the game during those years and almost never lost. He was known as a player who was strong in defence and very few players got the better of him. In fact, his defensive play was so good that he was known as ‘Iron Tigran’. When he did lose, it was big news in Moscow chess circles.
5. It seems that there have been some big changes in the British playground. Twenty years ago, traditional children’s games were played in every school across the country during the break. These days, they are quickly being replaced by hand-held games consoles and other electronic games. Before long, there is a danger that traditional games could die out. Once they are forgotten, it may be impossible to bring these enjoyable pastimes back to the playground.
6. In 1831, a farmer on the Isle of Lewis, north of mainland Scotland, discovered sets of chess pieces that dated from the middle of the 12th century. Carved from walrus tusk, it is almost impossible to put a price on these pieces because they are a unique find. There are 78 pieces in total, 67 in the British Museum and the rest in the Edinburgh National Museum. Whatever they are worth, you can be sure it’s a lot more than the average chess set.

[Key: 1. A, 2. G, 3. F, 4. E, 5. C, 6. D]

TEST 17.
Подготовительные упражнения

Section 2. Reading: first task
C. Look at the task B2. Match each of the headings A-G to a description below:
The text with this heading will probably talk about...
1. how doing something wrong can cost a lot of money.
Heading: _____________
2. something that people don’t like but which is needed.
Heading: _____________
3. judging how dangerous a situation is.
Heading: _____________
4. the latest things that people think about.
Heading: _____________
5. someone who knows a lot about their own area
Heading: _____________
6. information about future events.
Heading: ______________
7. accurate changes from one language to another
Heading: ______________

[Key: 1. F, 2. B, 3. A, 4. C, 5. G, 6. E, 7 D]

D. Quickly read texts 1-6 and decide which one refers to each of the following things:
a. earthquakes _________________
b. communication difficulties _________________
c. danger in coal mines _________________
d. where cars park _________________
e. creating adverts _________________
f. guiding a means of transport _________________

[Key: a. 4, b. 6, c. 5, d. 2, e. 1, f. 3]

Задание из тренировочного теста № 1

A. CALCULATED RISKS
B. NECESSARY ANNOYANCE
C. FASHIONABLE IDEAS
D. EXACT TRANSLATION
E. USEFUL PREDICTIONS
F. EXPENSIVE MISTAKES
G. LOCAL KNOWLEDGE

1. If you are considering a career in advertising, you should ask yourself whether you have the necessary qualities. Advertisements tell people what is cool and what isn’t. To be successful in advertising, you have to be able to guess what people are going to want next and create advertisements with that in mind. Advertisers lead the way and unless you can come up with the latest concepts then it might not be the career for you.
2. Keeping cars, vans and lorries constantly on the move is a vital part of a modern city and traffic wardens play a central role in that. While the police deal with accidents and are generally respected, traffic wardens are generally disliked for giving tickets to motorists who have parked illegally. However, if they stop and think about it, even drivers who find traffic wardens annoying usually agree that we need them to prevent the traffic system becoming chaotic.
3. We normally think of a pilot as a person who flies a plane, but ships can also have pilots. Ships might travel all around the world and the captain cannot possibly know the details of every harbour or other waterway that they go to. A ship’s pilot is a person who is very familiar with the local waters and who can guide a ship to safety. They are aware of all the dangers in the area and advise the captain.
4. Although being a seismologist can involve long hours in an office or a laboratory, the information they gather is far from boring. Seismologists study earthquakes and they are sometimes able to warn people that an earthquake is about to happen. Although it is not an exact science, these warnings can sometimes help people prepare. Even giving people a few minutes before the earthquake hits may well save lives.
5. Although the job of a coal miner can still be dangerous, it is much safer than it used to be. Today, the chances of something going wrong are worked out very carefully and safety is extremely important. Mining companies will never be able to completely remove the element of danger, but the industry does everything it can to make sure that miners are as safe as possible. Miners are trained to judge how dangerous a situation might be and to take appropriate action to protect themselves and their colleagues.
6. When politicians from different countries get together, there is often another figure by their sides. If the politicians don’t speak the same language, an interpreter makes sure that they are able to communicate. In such important meetings, it is essential that the message does not get changed along the way. Interpreters need to be extremely careful that what they say to one politician in one language is precisely what the other politician intended to say in their own language.

[Key: 1. C, 2. B, 3. G, 4. E, 5. A, 6. D]

Подготовительные упражнения настраивают учащихся на внимательное прочтение тем, с которыми им придётся впоследствии соотнести предлагаемые в тестовом задании тексты. В процессе проделывания упражнений учащиеся учатся прогнозировать содержание текстов по заголовку. Задания по поиску в текстах эквивалентов предлагаемых в упражнениях слов помогают научиться догадываться о значении незнакомых ключевых слов в тексте, а также выделять в тексте с помощью ключевых слов смысловые вехи и опоры. Кроме того, установка Quickly read привлекает внимание учащихся к тому, что данный вид чтения не предполагает медленного внимательного прочтения всего текста и настраивает их на применение адекватной данному виду чтения стратегии – пропуск малозначащих деталей; ознакомление с текстом для понимания главного, существенного на основе определения и понимания смысловых опор.

Контрольные вопросы:
1. Чем учебное чтение отличается от зрелого коммуникативного чтения?
2. Какой из этих видов чтения оценивается на экзамене?
3. Какие виды чтения и на основании чего выделяются в рамках коммуникативного чтения?
4. Каковы компоненты, составляющие комплексное коммуникативное умение чтения?
5. Что является объектами контроля в заданиях ЕГЭ по чтению?