This short quiz will test your knowledge about Canada
1. Which animal is an official emblem of Canada?
The beaver
The moose
The polar bear2. How many provinces and territories are there in Canada?
Eleven
Twelve
Thirteen3. What are Canada’s official colours?
Blue and red
Gold and red
White and red4. What is the origin of the name “Canada”?
Inuit
Huron-Iroquois
Metis5. What are the animal figures that stand on either side of the shield on the Arms of Canada?
A lion and an elk
A lion and a horse
A lion and a unicorn
Check yourself
1. The beaver is an official emblem of Canada.
The beaver attained official status as an emblem of Canada when an “act to provide for the recognition of the beaver (castor canadensis) as a symbol of the sovereignty of Canada” received royal assent on March 24, 1975.
2. There are 13 provinces and territories in Canada.
Canada has 10 provinces and 3 territories:
Alberta (Edmonton); British Columbia (Victoria); Prince Edward Island (Charlottetown); Manitoba (Winnipeg); New Brunswick (Fredericton); Nova Scotia (Halifax); Ontario (Toronto); Quebec (Quebec City); Saskatchewan (Regina); Newfoundland and Labrador (St. John’s); Northwest Territories (Yellowknife); Yukon Territory (Whitehorse) and Nunavut (Iqaluit).
3. White and red are Canada’s official colours.
Red and white were approved as Canada’s official colours in the proclamation of the Royal Arms of Canada in 1921 by King George V.
4. The origin of the name “Canada” is Huron-Iroquois.
In 1535, two Indian Youths told Jacques Cartier about the route to “kanata”. They were referring to the village of Stadacona; “kanata” was simply the Huron-Iroquois word for “village” or “settlement.” But for want of another name, Cartier used “Canada” to refer not only to Stadacona (the site of present day Quebec City), but also to the entire area subject to its chief, Donnacona. The name was soon applied to a much larger area: maps in 1547 designated everything north of the St. Lawrence River as “Canada.”
Cartier also called the St. Lawrence River the “riviиre de Canada”, a name used until the early 1600s. By 1616, although the entire region was known as New France, the area along the great river of Canada and the Gulf of St. Lawrence was still called Canada.
Soon explorers and fur traders opened up territory to the west and to the south and the area depicted as “Canada” grew. In the early 1700s, the name referred to all lands in what is now the American Midwest and as far south as the present day Louisiana.
The first use of “Canada” as an official name came in 1791 when the Province of Quebec was divided into the colonies of Upper and Lower Canada. In 1841, the two Canadas were again united under one name, the Province of Canada. At the time of Confederation, the new country assumed the name of Canada
5. A lion and a unicorn stand on the sides of the shield on the arms of Canada.
The lion on the shield’s right holds a gold-pointed silver lance from which flies the Royal Union flag. The unicorn holds a lance flying a banner of royalist France. The banners represent the two principal founding nations that had established Canada’s enduring laws and customs.
Shield summarizes history
The shield at the centre of the Coat of Arms is the most important part of the design. In heraldry, it is the shield “that tells the story” of a country. In Canada’s shield, the first and second divisions depict four emblems that symbolize the four founding peoples of Canada. The third makes it distinctly Canadian.
The three Royal Lions of England
The first quarter consists of the three gold lions of England walking and shown full face, on a red background. The lion is the oldest device known in heraldry and, as “king of beasts”, was adopted by kings of Leon, Norway and Denmark as their emblem. However, the origin of the three royal lions of England still remains a mystery.
In the 11th century, Henry I, known as “the lion of justice”, may have been the first English king to use a lion. It is uncertain as to why a second lion suddenly appeared. When Henry II married Eleanor of Aquitaine, whose family emblem was also a lion, it is believed that he added the third lion. There is no question that, when he led his English troops in the Crusades, Richard I, “the Lion-Hearted” carried a shield emblazoned with three golden lions on a red background. To this day they have been the royal symbol of England.
The Royal Lion of Scotland
The second quarter consists of a red lion rearing on the left hind foot, within a red double border with fleurs-de-lis, on a gold background. The royal lion of Scotland was probably first used by King William, who was known as “the lion”. However it was certainly used by his son, Alexander III, who made Scotland an independent nation.
The Royal Irish Harp of Tara
The third quarter is a gold harp with silver strings, on a blue background. North of the present city of Dublin, there is a hill called Tara which for centuries was the religious and cultural capital of ancient Ireland. If you visit the site, you will see a 750 foot earthenwork that is said to have been the site of the banqueting hall of Irish kings. Thomas Moore recalls the history of this site in one of the most famous of all Irish lyrics that begins: “The harp that once through Tara’s hall the soul of music shed...” There is a legend, recorded in C.W. Scott-Giles monumental work “The Romance of Heraldry”, that this harp was found and came into the possession of the pope. In the 16th century, Henry VIII suppressed the Irish people in his attempt to become the lawful successor to the kings of ancient Ireland. The pope sent the harp of Tara to England whereupon Henry added its likeness to his royal shield. From this time it has remained a symbol of Ireland.
The Royal Fleurs-de-Lis of France
The fourth quarter depicts three gold fleurs-de-lis, on a blue background. The fleurs-de-lis was the first heraldic emblem raised in Canada. On July 24, 1534,
Jacques Cartier landed at Gaspй and erected a cross, affixed with the symbol of his sovereign and the royal house of France.
The three Maple Leaves
To complete the design of the shield, a Canadian symbol was required. Three red maple leaves conjoined on one stem, on a silver or white background, were then added. Throughout the 19th century, the maple leaf had gradually become closely identified with Canada. The maple leaf had been worn as a symbol of Canada during the visit of the Prince of Wales in 1860. The song “The Maple Leaf Forever”, written by the Toronto school teacher Alexander Muir in 1868 had become Canada’s national song. During World War I, the maple leaf was incorporated into the badge of every Canadian regiment. It was most appropriate that three maple leaves were given a commanding position within the shield, which made it unmistakably “Canadian”.
The Ribbon
On the advice of the Prime Minister of Canada, Her Majesty The Queen has approved, on July 12, 1994 that the Arms of Canada be augmented of a ribbon with the motto of the Order of Canada: “Desiderantes Meliorem Patriam” (They desire a better country).
The Crest
On the royal helmet is the crest. This symbol consists of a wreath or
ring of twisted white and red silk on which stands a crowned gold lion holding in its
right paw a red maple leaf. The lion is a symbol of valor and courage. The crest is used
to mark the sovereignty of Canada.
The Supporters
The figures that stand on either side of the shield are known in heraldry as “supporters” and are often depicted in a ferocious manner. The King of England chose two lions while Scotland chose two unicorns.
When James VI of Scotland became James I of England in 1603, he chose one
lion and one unicorn as the supporters of his royal shields. Canada adopted the same
pattern and used a lion on the shield’s right holding a gold pointed silver lance from
which flies the Royal Union flag, and a unicorn with gold horn, mane and hoofs, on the
shield’s left. Around its neck is a gold and chained coronet of crosses and
fleurs-de-lis. The unicorn holds a lance flying a banner of royalist France, namely three
gold fleurs-de-lis, on a blue background. The two banners represent the two principal
founding nations that had established Canada’s enduring laws and customs.
The Motto
Canada’s motto “A Man usque ad Mare” is based on biblical
scripture: “He shall have dominion from sea to sea and from the river unto the ends of
the earth” (Psalm 72:8). The first official use of this motto came in 1906 when it was
engraved on the head of the mace of the Legislative Assembly of the new Province of
Saskatchewan. The wording of the motto came to the attention of Sir Joseph Pope, then
Under Secretary of State, who was impressed with its meaning. He later proposed it as
motto for the new design of the coat of arms, which were approved by Order in Council on
April 21, 1921 and by Royal Proclamation on November 21, 1921.
The Four Floral Emblems
At the base of Canada’s Royal Arms are the four founding nations of Canada.
English Rose
The rose first became the symbol of England when Henry III married Eleanor of Provence and the golden rose of Provence became England’s new floral symbol. From this golden rose eventually came the red rose of the House of Lancaster and the white rose of the House of York.
Scottish Thistle
There is a legend that, in 1010 when they attempted to capture Scotland, the Danes landed secretly at night. As they approached Stains Castle they removed their shoes to avoid making any noise. When they reached the castle’s moat, they jumped in not realizing that the moat was dry and overgrown with thistles. The screams of the bare-footed Danes roused the garrison. The castle and Scotland were both saved and, according to legend, it is in memory of that night that the thistle became the floral emblem of Scotland.
Irish Shamrock
In Irish legends, it is said that when he brought Christianity to Ireland, Saint Patrick used the three petals of the shamrock to illustrate the Holy Trinity. As a result, the shamrock became the floral emblem of Christian Ireland.
The French Fleurs-de-Lis
Following its adoption as the symbol of France’s king, the fleurs-de-lis also became the symbol of Christian France. By the 13th and 14th century, the three petals of the lily of France were being described by writers as symbols of faith, wisdom and chivalry. As in Ireland, they also came to be seen as symbols of the Holy Trinity.
Armorial bearings came into use as a means of identification. They were important in both times of peace and war.
It is curious to note that no country has abandoned the practice of using armorial bearings, emblems and symbols being important for preserving traditions and inspiring love of country. Of these symbols, the coat of arms and the flag are the chief elements. Although the flag is more frequently used, the coat of arms is the oldest and often serves as the foundation for the flag.
The imperial crown
On top of the “achievement of the arms of Canada” is the imperial crown which is indicative of the presence of a monarch as Canada’s Head of State.
The shapes of symbols in a coat of arms can be altered by an artist since heraldry is an art as well as a science. However the symbols themselves can never be changed without formal approval. In 1957, when Canada’s arms were slightly modified to produce a cleaner more contemporary design, the Government replaced the original Tudor crown of the 1921 design by a crown that would represent not just one of the royal families of English monarchs, but centuries of kings and queens of England. In accordance with the expressed wishes of Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II, the Saint Edward’s crown is now used for the arms of Canada. It is this crown that has been used for the coronation of kings and queens in Westminster Abbey for centuries.